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Volume 18(3); September 2012

Original Articles
Effects of Social Support and Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Burnout among Clinical Nurses
Da Won Baik, Young Hee Yom
J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2012;18(3):271-280.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2012.18.3.271
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of social support and emotional intelligence in the relationship between emotional labor and burnout among clinical nurses.
METHODS
The sample for this study consisted of 382 nurses from four hospitals located in Seoul or Gyunggi Province. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson Correlation, Hierarchical Multiple Regression, and Path Analysis.
RESULTS
It was found that: (a) emotional labor had a positive effect on burnout, while social support and emotional intelligence had negative effects on burnout; (b) social support and emotional intelligence moderated the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, and (c) social support mediated the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, whereas emotional intelligence did not.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that high levels of support had a buffering effect and mitigated the negative effects of the emotional labor on burnout. Therefore, strategies to enhance social support for nurses are needed and further research needs to be done to refine this study.

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Nursing Performance and Organizational Socialization of New Nurses according to Teaching Style of Preceptors and Personality of New Nurses
Jeong Sill Choi, Nam Young Yang
J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2012;18(3):281-289.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2012.18.3.281
PURPOSE
In this study, we examined the differences and relationship between teaching style of preceptors, and personality, nursing performance, and organizational socialization of new nurses.
METHODS
The participants were 118 new nurses. The data collected from March to May 2011 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients.
RESULTS
Teaching style of preceptors was most frequently judgement-initiative, and personality of new nurses was most frequently extraversion. Nursing performance (3.05+/-.59) and organizational socialization (3.05+/-.59) of new nurses were at an average level. Nursing performance and organizational socialization of new nurses were not significantly different according to teaching style of preceptors. Significant correlations were found between personality and nursing performance, and between personality and organizational socialization.
CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that changes in perceived teaching style of preceptors and personality of new nurses may be necessary to increase efficiency of preceptorship related to nursing performance and organizational socialization of new nurses. The above-mentioned results should be reflected in the development of effective preceptor training programs.

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Study for Professionalism, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Psychological Ownership of Nurse Officers
Myoung Ran Yoo, Jeong A Yoo, Youn Mi Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2012;18(3):290-300.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2012.18.3.290
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in professionalism, organizational citizenship behavior and psychological ownership between nurses and nurse officers.
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1017 hospital nurses and military nurse officers. The instruments used were the Korean Version of Hall's Professionalism Inventory' modified by Baek (2007), Organizational Citizenship Behavior Qquestionnaire(OCBQ) modified by Lee (2006), and the Psychological Ownership Inventory' developed by Van Dyne and Pierce (2004).
RESULTS
The average score for military nurse officers professionalism was 3.15, for organizational citizenship behavior, was 3.43 and for psychological ownership, 3.64. These scores were higher than the scores for hospital nurses. There were significant positive correlations between the variables(r=.47~.581, p<.001).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate an affirmable outcome and that the significant variables affected levels of Professionalism, Organizational citizenship behavior, and Psychological ownership. So in order to improve the level of variables, there is a need to consider strategies related to organization, work environment and conceptualization as related to the variables.

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Changes in the Image of Nursing in First Year Nursing Students after History & Philosophy of Nursing Courses
Sang Dol Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2012;18(3):301-309.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2012.18.3.301
PURPOSE
This study was done to investigate changes in image of nursing in first year students of nursing after courses on history & philosophy of nursing.
METHODS
Participants were 100 first year students at a nursing college located in K city. The students were asked to submit a written answer to an open-ended question. Data were collected in March, 2011, before the students started nursing courses, and again in June, 2011, after they had finished one semester of nursing courses. Data were analyzed using Van Kaam's phenomenological method.
RESULTS
Before the nursing courses, students regarded nursing as caring for patients comfortably with warmth and kindness, helping patients with self-sacrificing spirit and service, and being tough and overwhelming to do. After finishing one semester of nursing courses, they regarded nursing as a profession that requires motherly care, love and devotion, and as meaningful and beautiful to do.
CONCLUSIONS
After finishing one semester of nursing courses, the images of nursing held by the students changed from a traditional perspective emphasizing the emotional and negative aspects to one focusing more on the professional and positive aspects. It is essential to establish healthy and positive images of nursing among students through the nursing curriculum.
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Influence of Emotional Labor on Job Satisfaction, Intent to Leave, and Nursing Performance of Clinical Nurses
Sun Mee Wi, Yeo Jin Yi
J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2012;18(3):310-319.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2012.18.3.310
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to analyze emotional labor factors influencing job satisfaction, intent to leave, and nursing performance of clinical nurses.
METHOD
The participants were 384 clinical nurses working in a hospital. Study design was cross sectional survey. Subcategories of emotional labor (frequency of emotional labor, attentiveness of emotional display, mismatch of emotions) of emotional labor were dependent variables. Job satisfaction, intent to leave, and nursing performance were independent variables. Data were analyzed by hierarchial multiple regression.
RESULTS
The strength of emotional labor of nurses was similar for all participants in spite of differences in age, position, and clinical career. Total score for emotional labor was 3.21, frequency of emotional labor 3.34, attentiveness of emotional display 3.41, and mismatch of emotions 2.87. Mismatch of emotions influenced job satisfaction (F=12.53, p<.001) R2 27%, intent to leave (F=8.51, p<.001) R2 19%, and nursing performance (F=5.80, p<.001) R2 15%, CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the factor (mismatch of emotion) is an important variable for clinical nurses in human resource management. Therefore, nurse managers should consider this factor for the improvement of organizational effectiveness.

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Emergency Nurses' Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress
Hyeon Ju Kim, Heejung Choi
J Korean Acad Nurs Adm 2012;18(3):320-328.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11111/jkana.2012.18.3.320
PURPOSE
Professional quality of life is the quality one feels in relation to their work as a helper. The purpose of this study was to describe professional quality of life among emergency nurses.
METHODS
A total of 15 emergency rooms were selected in three cities. Among 263 nurses working at these emergency rooms, 178 nurses consented to participate in this cross-sectional survey. Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) Scale version 5 was used to measure compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Cluster analysis was used to classify nurses according to professional quality of life.
RESULTS
The mean scores (SD) for compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress were 32.12 (5.45), 28.27 (4.28), and 28.20 (5.07), respectively. The result of cluster analysis according to standardized score of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress yielded three clusters. Over 50% of participants showed low professional quality of life. Nurses who were included in a cluster representing low professional quality of life were younger, had shorter periods of nursing experience, and perceivedlower social support than other cluster.
CONCLUSION
Education or support programs for emergency nurses are needed to enhance their professional quality of life.

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PURPOSE
The purpose of the study was to identify the mediating effects of job satisfaction between internal marketing and organizational commitment of nurses in small and medium-sized hospitals.
METHOD
Data were collected from 208 nurses in 8 small and medium-sized hospitals and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and structural equation model (SEM) with the PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs.
RESULTS
There were positive relationships among all three variables, internal marketing, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. There was a mediating effect of job satisfaction between internal marketing and organizational commitment.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study indicate that strategies which could enhance the job satisfaction of nurses should be developed by mangers in small and medium sized hospitals. Further study is needed on other factors which may influence nurses' job satisfaction and organizational commitment especially, in small and medium sized hospitals.

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