Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct and test a hypothetical model based on the Incivility Spiral model for identifying the factors of workplace incivility of nurses and determining if incivility evolve to bullying. Methods: The data were collected from nurses working at 9 hospitals in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daejeon, Changwon, and Busan province from July 1 to August 15, 2019, using structured questionnaires. Finally, the data from 274 nurses were analyzed. Results: The goodness-of-fit of the hypothetical model was at a good level and 10 out of 13 hypotheses were supported. The workplace incivility was both directly and indirectly affected by anger tendency, leadership of head nurses, and communication competence and directly affected by civility culture. Each of the variables affecting workplace incivility was also found to be a significant factor indirectly affecting workplace bullying and workplace incivility was a factor directly affected on workplace bullying. The variables in this study accounted for 57% of workplace incivility and 65% of workplace bullying. Conclusion: In order to prevent workplace bullying, it is important to initially manage workplace incivility, and for this, clear standards and policies for workplace incivility should be prepared and utilized.

Purpose
This study was designed to construct and test a structural equation model of nurses’ experience of workplace incivility based on the model of the Affective Events Theory. Methods: A total of 299 nurses from five general hospitals responded to structured questionnaires measuring personality traits (emotionality and agreeableness), structural empowerment, workplace incivility experience, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Results: The hypothetical model showed a good fit with the data: χ² /df=1.88, GFI=.93, CFI=.95, NFI=.91, TLI=.94, SRMR=.03, RMSEA=.05. Structural empowerment had an effect on the experience of workplace incivility among nurses, but the influence of personality was not significant. Workplace incivility had significant direct effects on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. The experience of workplace incivility mediates the impact of structural empowerment on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Conclusion: Structural empowerment in nursing unit can reduce nurses’ experience of workplace incivility and emotional exhaustion and increase their job satisfaction. At the same time, nurses’ experience of workplace incivility can increase their emotional exhaustion and decrease job satisfaction. This suggests that nurse managers should consider enhancing structural empowerment and develop programs or activities to improve it and manage workplace inciviltiy.

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of incivility experienced by clinical nurses on their job stress, and to identify the moderating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between job stress and incivility.
METHODS
A structured self-report questionnaire was used to measure job stress, incivility and self-efficacy. Data were collected from 140 nurses currently working in three general hospitals of more than 300 beds. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient, hierarchical multiple linear regression with the SPSS Version 19.0 program.
RESULTS
Incivility from supervisors, patients and patients' families showed a significant effect on job stress and self-efficacy had an effect on incivility from patients and patients' families and also incivility from doctors and job stress. These variables have total explanatory power of 46.6% on job stress.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate a need to recognize the seriousness and damage of incivility in order to reduce hospital nurses' job stress and to awaken nurses to the relationship of stress and incivility and establish institutional programs to combat incivility. Moreover, there is also a need to improve self-efficacy on the ward through hospital education and coaching.

Citations

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  Kyoungja Kim
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  Yu Jeong Yang, Jeong-Hee Kim
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  Bo Young Kim, Joo yun Lee
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PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of nurse's incivility experienced by nursing students and coping against incivility on burnout in clinical practice.
METHODS
A cross-sectional correlation study design was used. The subjects were 120 nursing student from four universities in Busan and Yangsan, South Korea. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data on incivility, coping, and burnout. Finally total 117 nursing students' data was analyzed except 3 nursing students who had never experienced nurse's incivility for clinical practice. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression.
RESULTS
97.5% of subjects (n=120) experienced incivility. Incivility was positively correlated with seeking social support coping, avoiding focused coping and burnout. Incivility and avoiding focused coping had a significant positive effect on burnout. The explained variance for burnout was 10.0% and avoiding focused coping was the most significant factor in burnout.
CONCLUSION
Most of nursing students experience the nurses' incivility. Judging incivility as a difficult problem to solve, students use more avoiding focused coping strategy and burnout is increased. Therefore education is needed to improve the coping strategies at incivility. Additionally colleges and hospitals should establish the formal reporting system to handle the incivility.

Citations

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  Younglee Kim, Sook Young Kim, Eunhee Hong, Cheryl Brandt
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  Chung Hee Woo, Chanhee Kim
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  Mohammed Baqer Al-Jubouri, Patience Samson-Akpan, Sadeq Al-Fayyadh, Felipe Aliro Machuca-Contreras, Brigid Unim, Srdjan M. Stefanovic, Hawa Alabdulaziz, Ryan Michael F. Oducado, Awoala Nelson George, Nuran Aydın Ates, Matanee Radabutr, Simon Kamau, Joseph
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  Su Jin Kim, Kyung Soon Jeong
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  Ka Young Kim, Jeong Sil Choi
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