Purpose
This study aimed to identify the effects of shared leadership, communication skills, and team effectiveness, as perceived by nurses and nursing assistants in comprehensive nursing service units.
Methods
A cross-sectional research design was adopted, and the sample included 306 nurses, nurse assistants, and caregivers working in nine hospitals with fewer than 500 beds in two South Korean cities. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and four-step hierarchical regression analysis.
Results
The factors influencing team effectiveness in the hierarchal multiple regression analysis were shared leadership (β=.57, p<.001) and communication skills (β=.18, p<.001). These factors explained 49% of the total variance.
Conclusion
To enhance team effectiveness in compressive nursing service units, educational programs focusing on shared leadership and communication skills among nurses, nursing assistants, and caregivers must be developed.

Purpose
This study aimed to compare and identify factors affecting delirium nursing stress among nurses in comprehensive nursing care service wards and general wards.
Methods
Using structured questionnaires, data were collected from 230 nurses working in two tertiary university hospitals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 27.0.
Results
The average delirium nursing stress score for nurses in comprehensive nursing care service wards was 2.98±0.30 out of 4 points, which was significantly higher than 2.89±0.29 points for nurses in general wards (t=2.17, p=.031). Factors influencing delirium nursing stress among comprehensive nursing care service ward nurses included nursing work environment (β=-.58, p<.001) and conflicts with medical staff and other departments related to delirium patients (β=.24, p=.006), explaining power of 44% (F=12.13, p<.001). For general ward nurses, the nursing work environment(β=-.39, p<.001) was the main influencing factor, explaining power of 17% (F=3.93, p<.001).
Conclusion
Both types of nurses require improvements in their work environment. Strategies to reduce conflict between medical staff and other departments are essential in comprehensive nursing care service wards.

Purpose
Nursing care activities for patient safety are important to prevent accidents. This study aimed to examine the association between nurses’ perception of patient safety culture, willingness to report near misses, critical thinking disposition, and nursing care activities for patient safety.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, data were obtained from online surveys conducted with 201 ward nurses. An independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient test, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS/WIN 21.0.
Results
Perceptions of patient safety culture, willingness to report near misses, critical thinking disposition, and nursing activities for patient safety were all correlated with each other. According to the regression model, significant factors influencing nursing care activities for patient safety were medical ward (β=-.28, p=.010), critical thinking disposition (β=.27, p<.001), willingness to report near misses (β=.19, p=.004), perceptions of patient safety culture (β=.19, p=.007), and work experience (β=-.18, p=.016).
Conclusion
Improving nurses’ perceptions of patient safety culture, promoting the reporting of near misses, and strengthening nurses' critical thinking dispositions can foster patient-safety nursing care activities. Additionally, a tailored patient safety education program that considers nursing work experience may be appropriate for patient-safety nursing care activities.

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the impact of work environment, missed nursing care, and non-nursing tasks on the job stress of hospital nurses.
Methods
A descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 164 nurses working in three hospitals was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 26.0.
Results
Hospital Nurses' job stress was negatively correlated with the work environment (r=-.37, p<.001). Job stress had a statistically significant positive correlation with non-nursing tasks (r=.34, p<.001); however, it had no significant correlation with missed nursing care (r=.05, p=.552). Regression model analysis revealed that the variables associated with job stress were non-nursing tasks (β=.29, p<.001) and the foundation for quality nursing care (β=-.25, p=.034), which are subdomains of the work environment. In contrast, missed nursing care was not determined to be a significant factor.
Conclusion
To effectively manage nurses' job stress, nurse managers should provide higher quality care by reducing the number of non-nursing tasks and creating a positive work environment, especially by providing adequate nursing workforce and material support.

Citations

• Comparison of Factors Affecting Delirium Nursing Stress between Nurses in Comprehensive Nursing Care Service Wards and General Wards
  Sumin Gwon, Gaeun Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(5): 517.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the relationships among nursing skill mix, missed nursing care, and adverse events according to the nursing skill mix and the factors influencing.
Methods
This study is a descriptive survey that used survey data were collected from 158 nurses working in comprehensive nursing care wards in small and medium-sized hospitals. The data were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis.
Results
The average age of the study participants was 37.9 years, and they had over 10 years of experience. The average mean ratio of nursing skill mix 1 was 69.98. For nursing skill mix 2, the average mean ratio was 68.44%. The mean score for missed nursing care was 1.33, and the mean score for adverse events was 1.90 points. The factors affecting adverse events experience were missed nursing care, total work experience of >3 years, number of beds between ≥200 and <300.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that patient safety and management education should consider the nurses’ age and total work experience. Furthermore, nursing workforce management, particularly focusing on nursing assistants in small- and medium-sized hospitals, is essential for fostering a safer healthcare environment.

Purpose
The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards.
Methods
This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique.
Results
The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation.
Conclusion
These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure. Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Citations

• Effects of a mobile simulation program for nursing delegation: A randomised controlled trial
  Haena Lim, Yeojin Yi
  Nurse Education in Practice.2025; 83: 104283.     CrossRef
• Effects of Shared Leadership and Communication Competence on Nursing Team Effectiveness in Comprehensive Nursing Service Units: Focusing on the Team Nursing System
  Hye Jin Kim, Eunjoo Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(2): 143.     CrossRef

Purpose
To explore the relationship between nursing care needs and acuity based on the Korean Patient Classification System for Critical Care Nurses (KPCSC) and APACHE II, and to identify their prognostic value in predicting mortality.
Methods
A total of 617 patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital from January 1 to June 30, 2021 were included. The correlation between KPCSC and APACHE II scores, and their predictive power regarding mortality were examined.
Results
KPCSC and APACHE II scores showed a significant, positive correlation (r=.32, p<.001). The KPCSC score was significantly correlated with 10 out of 11 KPCSC categories and 2 out of 3 APACHE II domains, whereas the APACHE II score had a significant correlation with all APACHE II domains and only 4 out of 11 KPCSC categories. Both KPCSC and APACHE II demonstrated moderate discriminatory performance in predicting ICU and in-hospital death, and their AUC values were not significantly different.
Conclusion
KPCSC, reflecting the severity of illness, predicted mortality as well as APACHE II. However, KPCSC was found to consider factors other than severity, such as patient dependency, which substantiates its value as an assessment tool for nursing care needs.

Citations

• Comparisons of nursing hours and nurse-to-patient ratios required for patients with mechanical ventilation, CRRT, and ECMO in intensive care units: A cross-sectional study
  Sung-Hyun Cho, Shin-Ae Kim, Eunhye Kim
  Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2025; 89: 103982.     CrossRef
• Relationship between Nurse Staffing and Critical Nursing Activities in Intensive Care Units : Analysis of National Health Insurance Claims Data from 2009 to 2020
  U Ri Go, Sung-Hyun Cho
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(2): 25.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aims to propose revised inpatient nursing fee schedules that address three discrepancies between actual nurse staffing levels in general wards and the corresponding patient payment structures.
Methods
A total of 45 tertiary hospitals, 329 general hospitals, and 1,379 hospitals from publicly released data for 2021~2022 were analyzed. This analysis focused on three primary discrepancies between (1) the staffing grades under which patients were hospitalized and the corresponding grades for which they were charged; (2) the staffing grades determined by bed-to-nurse and patient-to-nurse criteria; and (3) the current differentiation rates of nursing fees and the expected differentiation rates based on the number of nurses required for each grade.
Results
The first discrepancy occurred in 8.9% of tertiary hospitals, 21.0% of general hospitals, and 26.0% of hospitals. The bed-to-nurse and patient-to-nurse grades differed by 2.23 and 2.29 grades on average in general hospitals and hospitals, respectively. The current differentiation rates were higher than the expected differentiation rates. New nursing fee schedules were suggested to resolve those discrepancies.
Conclusion
Nursing fees should be charged to reflect the staffing levels under which patients were cared for and proportionate to the number of nurses required to provide the corresponding staffing levels.

Purpose
This study investigated whether the work environment affects nurses' turnover intention with career motivation and job satisfaction acting as mediating factors.
Methods
Data were collected from January 6-25, 2022, using a cross-sectional design. The participants were 205 nurses who had worked for more than six months at four small-to-medium-sized general hospitals in South Korea. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, Scheffé test, and mediation analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro Model 6.
Results
The nursing work environment had a significant positive association with career motivation and job satisfaction and negative effects on nurses' turnover intention. The single mediating effect of job satisfaction and the serial mediation effects of career motivation and job satisfaction on the relationship between the nursing work environment and turnover intention were significant. Thus, nurses' positive perceptions of the work environment strengthened career motivation, which in turn increased job satisfaction and reduced turnover intention.
Conclusion
Providing a healthy work environment to nurses can help reduce their turnover intention. Therefore, the government and hospitals should implement human resource strategies to improve nursing work environments and take steps to enhance career motivation and job satisfaction to strengthen nurse retention.

Citations

• Association Between Nurse Turnover and Nurses’ Perception of Patient Outcomes in Acute Care Hospitals in South Korea
  Sung-Heui Bae
  Journal of Nursing Care Quality.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between patient-centered care and the patient experience according to inpatients. Additionally, the effect of patient-centered care on the patient experience was explored.
Methods
Using a structured-questionnaire, data were collected from 147 inpatients in a tertiary care hospital for the period October 12-24, 2021. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé’s test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and a multiple linear regression using SPSS/WIN 26.0.
Results
Patient-centered care was positively correlated with the patient experience (r=.66, p<.001), and patient-centered care was found to be a variable affecting the patient experience. Further, explanatory power was assessed at 43%.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that the provision of individualized care must reflect patient-centered care to ensure a positive patient experience, and nurses should not only perform interventions through medication or nursing processes, but also by listening to and interacting with patients based on their needs.

Citations

• The Mediating Role of Patient Safety Perception in the Relationship between Right to Know and Patient Participation among Inpatients
  Sun-Hwa Shin, On-Jeon Baek
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2025; 37(2): 114.     CrossRef
• Intensive Care Experience of Critical Care Patients and Its Related Factors : A Secondary Analysis Study
  Jiyeon Kang, Hyojeong Woo
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2023; 16(3): 11.     CrossRef

Purpose
Nursing colleges are continuously being expanded to solve the problem of imbalance among regions, but the outflow of the provincial brain-drain to metropolitan regions continues. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the influencing factors on the regional outflow intention of nursing students.
Methods
This study employed a mixedmethod design, and 214 nursing students in the Honam region filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Eight participants recruited through random sampling were interviewed in depth. Data were analyzed using a t-test, x² test and logistic regression.
Results
Among the total respondents, 161 students (75.2%) had intent to regional outflow. Influencing factors were significantly correlated with employment in tertiary general hospitals (OR=3.32, 95% CI=1.35~8.16), perception of job opportunities in the province (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.31~0.87), intrinsic job values (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.14~5.22), and voluntary employment preparation behaviors (OR=2.75, 95% CI=1.05~ 7.19). Through the interviews, themes related to regional outflow intentions were drawn into the following three categories: “recognition of working environment by region”, “aspiration for professional growth”, and “expectation for self-development and rich experience”.
Conclusion
This study’s results are expected to be used as strategic data for establishing plans for nurturing regional human resources and improving the local nursing workforce in non-metropolitan areas.

Purpose
This study aimed to examine the effect of person-environment fit on positive psychological capital, career commitment, and turnover intention among nurses working in university hospitals.
Methods
A survey was administered to 277 nurses working in a university hospital with more than 800 beds in J city. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 18.0 were used for analysis.
Results
Factors that directly explain turnover intention, person-environment fit, career commitment, and psychological capital exhibited a negative effect. However, while person-job fit did not directly affect turnover intention, it exhibited an indirect effect and total effect via positive psychological capital and career commitment.
Conclusion
Various programs should be developed to enhance nurses’ person-environment fit and person-job fit. Forming a positive attitude and strengthening nurses’ attachment and commitment toward nursing contribute to a lower turnover intention.

Citations

• Hospital Nurses’ Professional Quality of Life Model: A Cross‐Sectional Study Based on the Expanded Job Demands‐Resources Model
  Younghee Kim, Mi Yu, Jacopo Fiorini
  Journal of Nursing Management.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mediating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange on the Ethical Leadership of Nursing Unit Managers and Turnover Intention of Clinical Nurses: A Nationwide Survey using Proportional Quota Sampling
  Jihun Kim, Sunmi Kim, Nara Han, Seok Hee Jeong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(1): 42.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to clarify and analyze the concept of a career plateau among clinical nurses.
Methods
Using Walker and Avant’s concept analysis framework, 20 articles on the career plateau of clinical nurses were selected for this study.
Results
The attributes of the clinical nurses’ structural career plateau were “unmet need for vertical movement” and “accepting of promotion restrictions”. The attributes of the clinical nurses’ content career plateau were “job repetition”, “involuntary job fixation”, “work lethargy”, “low expectations for nursing professional development,” and “indifference to care recipients”. The antecedent factors for the nurses’ career plateau were “lack of organizational support”, “lack of respect from the organization, bosses, and colleagues”, “personal problems arising or remaining unresolved”, “limited autonomy”, and “absence of role models”. As a consequence of the career plateau, job satisfaction, nursing competency, and nursing quality decreased, while burnout and turnover intention increased.
Conclusion
This study is significant in that it clarified the concept and attributes of the clinical nurses’ career plateau by reflecting the characteristics and purpose of nursing.

Citations

• Experiences With a Substitution System for Clinical Nurses' Leave of Absence: A Qualitative Study
  Ae R. Kim, Jeong H. Hong, Seieun Oh, Sangwoon Cho, Hye J. Baek
  Research in Nursing & Health.2025; 48(1): 63.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aims to examine the mediating effects of psychological contracts and subjective career success and the effect of organizational justice on organizational citizenship behavior among hospital nurses. Methods: The data were collected using structured questionnaires through online surveys from 200 nurses in hospitals located in P metropolitan city and J city from February 9 to March 8, 2022. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, Hayes’s SPSS Process Macro 4.0 version program, and bootstrapping. Results: The paths of organizational justice to psychological contract, psychological contract to subjective career success, and subjective career success to organizational citizenship behavior were significant. The double mediating effects of psychological contract and subjective career success were significant in the relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Conclusion: Based on this study, nursing managers should enable nurses to positively perceive organizational justice and the psychological contract. For this, efforts should be made to secure a transparent and fair system. For subjective career success, it is necessary to establish a career management system and provide opportunities for career development such as relevant education at the organizational level. This will be a motivating process that can induce organizational citizenship behavior.

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate factors affecting prevention performance of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) among long-term care hospital nurses. Methods: The participants were 162 nurses in 11 long-term care hospitals. Data were collected from May 21 to June 4, 2021, using structured questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with an independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, a one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. All analyses were performed using SPSS/WIN 26.0. Results: The factors influencing the prevention performance of CAUTI were formal learning (β=.22, p=.003) and prevention knowledge on CAUTI (β=.17, p=.029). These variables explained 13% of the prevention performance of CAUTI. Conclusion: In this study, it is necessary for long-term care hospitals to develop infection prevention educational programs for CAUTI based on nursing evidence and ensure that nurses apply the knowledge obtained through these educational programs.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of nursing students' perception of emerging infectious disease, ethical awareness and nurse image on their career identity in a pandemic situation. Methods: Data were collected from 247 nursing students within universities of Daejeon, Gimcheon and Yeongdong area from May 18 to June 20, 2020. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Results: The subjects of this study had high level of perception of novel infectious disease (3.72±0.43), ethical awareness in pandemic situations (4.06±0.48), and nurse image (4.07±0.49), but low level of career identity (1.99±0.51). Career identify was significantly correlated with perception of novel infectious disease (r=.18, p=.005), ethical awareness in pandemic situation (r=.16, p=.011), and nurse image (r=.32, p<.001). However, excluding grade and residential area among the general characteristics, only the nurse image (β=.35, p<.001) was identified as a factor influencing career identity, and the explanatory power was 13.1%. Conclusion: To increase the career identity of nursing students, it is necessary to raise professional nurses’ social awareness and develop a positive nurse image.

Citations

• Factors Influencing Graduate Nurses’ Intention to Care for Emerging Infectious Disease Patients Based on Theory of Reasoned Action
  Seonhye Jeong, Yeoungsuk Song
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2024; 31(1): 60.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aims to determine nursing students’ orientation toward patient-centered care (PCC) and identify its influencing factors: their personality traits, empathy, and psychological capital (PsyCap). A mediating model was used to test the role of PsyCap in the association between empathy and PCC. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 300 nursing students from seven universities in South Korea. Their orientation toward PCC was measured using the Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS). Moreover, we analyzed the data using independent t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson's r, and SPSS PROCESS macro. Results: The overall mean score on the PPOS was 3.82±0.43, with the Caring and Sharing subscales accounting for 3.95±0.68 and 3.69±0.50, respectively. Nursing students’ satisfaction with their majors, practicums, and motivation for choosing this profession was significantly related to Caring-not Sharing. Nevertheless, PsyCap positively influenced both Caring (β=.24, p<.001) and Sharing (β=.18, p=.002). While empathy failed to significantly impact both Caring (β=.12, p=.087) and Sharing (β=.01, p=.931). PsyCap mediated the association of empathy with Caring (β=.20, p=.004); however, the same was not true for Sharing (β=.07, p=.366). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the orientation of Korean nursing students toward PCC is not high. Therefore, to improve the PPOS Caring subscale, nurse educators should formulate better strategies to enhance nursing students’ satisfaction with their major and practicums, empathy, and PsyCap. The importance of sharing health-related information with patients and family caregivers should be emphasized in the nursing curriculum.

Citations

• Assessing Needs for Practical Training in Intensive Care Unit to Enhance Nursing Education: A Focus Group Interview
  Sunah Park, Bokyoung Kim
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(2): 55.     CrossRef
• Contemporary contexts of higher medical education development: Patient-centred care in medical students’ understanding
  T. D. Podkladova, L. G. Smyshliaeva, A. O. Okorokov, I. I. Soshenko
  The Education and science journal.2023; 25(9): 44.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study examined patients’ call bell use and the relationship between call bell use and nursing care needs. Methods: Nursing staff was asked to report patients’ call bell use during 15 shifts over five days in integrated nursing care wards. Nursing care needs were measured using summary scores of nursing activities and activities of daily living (ADLs). The relationship between call bell use and nursing care needs was analyzed using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Results: A total of 251 patients used call bells 235 times, with an average of 0.94 times per day. Only 72 patients (28.7%) used call bells once or more per day (range, 1~14 times), whereas the rest did not use call bells. Male gender, a high risk for falling, and a higher score on nursing activities were associated with a greater likelihood of using call bells. Pain and higher dependency on ADLs were associated with an increase in the frequency of call bell use. Conclusion: Patients' call bell use needs to be minimized by meeting their nursing care needs to improve patient safety and nursing performance.

Citations

• Effects of Shared Leadership and Communication Competence on Nursing Team Effectiveness in Comprehensive Nursing Service Units: Focusing on the Team Nursing System
  Hye Jin Kim, Eunjoo Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(2): 143.     CrossRef
• Cancer Patients' and Caregivers' Experiences Admitted to Comprehensive Nursing Care Service Wards: An Exploratory Qualitative Research
  Sarah Lim, Mee Young Cho, Hyun Joo Shin, Ki Yeon Song, Soo Kyoung Shim, Yoon Jung Lee, Hea Jin Kwon, Ji Eun Kim, Hui Ean Kim, Hyun Ja Park, Han Wool An, So Jeong Hyeon, Sue Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2024; 24(4): 173.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of job crafting, job engagement on career management behavior among public institution nurses and to investigate the mediating effect of job engagement. Methods: This study was a descriptive survey, with 176 public institution nurses working in seven institutions participating. Structured questionnaires were used, collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis with SPSS statistics 26.0 program. Results: Career management behavior were significantly associated with job crafting (β=.52, p<.001), job engagement (β=.20, p=.015). These variables explained 48.0% of career management behavior. Also, job engagement had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between job crafting and career management behavior. Conclusion: Findings indicate that the relationship between job crafting and career management behavior among public institution nurses is mediated by job engagement. Strategies for enhancing career management behavior among public institution nurses should be considered to enhance job crafting and job engagement. The results can contribute to the establishment of a human resource management system for public institution nurses.

Citations

• Development and Evaluation of Passion Continuation Program based on GRIT Theory for Nurses in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Non-Randomized Experimental Study
  Do-Young Lee, Nam-Joo Je, Yoon Jung Kim, Chunseon Jang, Hyun-Ju Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(3): 357.     CrossRef
• The effect of grit on the work engagement of nurses: The mediating effects of positive psychological capital and burnout
  Mi Kyung Park, Won Hwa Kim
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(2): 161.     CrossRef

Purpose
To develop a web-based solution for patient need-driven staffing (PNDS) that automatically determines nurses’ staffing requirements. Methods: Activities provided by nurses in four integrated nursing care wards (INCWs) and non-INCWs each in a tertiary hospital were observed over three days. Nursing hours per patient hour (NHPPH) were calculated by dividing nursing hours by patient stay hours per day. Patient needs were evaluated using 19 items. Results: The nurse-patient ratios in INCWs and non-INCWs were 1:4.5 and 1:8.1 (including overtime), respectively. Admitted and transferred-in patients had higher NHPPHs than those with continuing stays. The patients were classified into five groups: Group A for admissions and transfers-in, and Groups 1~4 for the remainder. In INCWs, the nurse-patient ratios ranged from 1:5.3 (Group 1) to 1:2.4 (Group 4), and Group A required 1:3.0, the secondhighest level. In non-INCWs, ratios ranged from 1:9.4 (Group 1) to 1:5.2 (Group 4 and Group A). The PNDS solution was developed to determine staffing requirements by classifying patients into five groups using the entered data on patient needs, assigning the group’s NHPPH to each patient, and calculating the staffing ratio required in the unit. Conclusion: The PNDS is expected to support staffing decisions to meet patient needs.

Citations

• Comparisons of nursing hours and nurse-to-patient ratios required for patients with mechanical ventilation, CRRT, and ECMO in intensive care units: A cross-sectional study
  Sung-Hyun Cho, Shin-Ae Kim, Eunhye Kim
  Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2025; 89: 103982.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Nurse Work Hours and Nursing Activities Between High‐ and Low‐Staffed General Wards: A Cross‐Sectional Study
  Jiyeong Seong, Sung‐Hyun Cho, Hyo‐Jeong Yoon, Won‐Hee Sim, Moon‐Sook Kim
  Nursing Open.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Trajectories of nursing hours over the course of hospitalization and estimated additional nurse staffing requirements to reduce the length of stay
  Shin‐Ae Kim, Sung‐Hyun Cho
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2024; 56(5): 694.     CrossRef
• Recommending Revised Inpatient Nursing Fee Schedules Based on Actual Nurse Staffing Levels in General Wards
  Sung-Hyun Cho, Jinhyun Kim, Jiyeong Seong, Ji-Yun Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(5): 540.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study examined outpatients’ experiences of patient participation, their level of patient satisfaction, and the factors that influence their patient satisfaction with outpatient care. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study utilized secondary data from the 2018 Survey on the Experience with Healthcare Service conducted in South Korea. Data from 6,684 outpatients over the age of 20 years who had visited hospitals were analyzed. Patient characteristics, health-related characteristics, and their experiences of patient participation were assessed as factors related to patient satisfaction. Factors that influenced patient satisfaction with outpatient care were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results: Overall, 84.9% of the participants were satisfied with the received outpatient care. Higher patient satisfaction with outpatient care was significantly associated with middle (40~59 years) and old age (≥60 years), good self-rated health status, and experience of patient participation in patient safety activities. Conclusion: Multiple factors were related to patient satisfaction with outpatient care. These factors need to be considered when evaluating patients’ satisfaction levels. To improve satisfaction with health care use, it is essential to provide more experiences and expand their opportunities for patient participation during the care process and establish healthcare policies and strategies to enhance patient participation in patient safety.

Citations

• Key Factors Influencing Outpatient Satisfaction in Chronic Disease Care: Insights from the 2023 Korea HSES
  Yu-Jin Cha
  Healthcare.2025; 13(6): 655.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Patient Safety Experience on Patient Satisfaction of Patients Using Outpatient Health Services in Hospitals/Clinics
  Soojin Chung, Bomi An
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(3): 252.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to explore the factors influencing the infection control performance of nurses working in comprehensive nursing care service wards during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from 107 nurses working in the comprehensive nursing care service unit at four general hospitals from March 15 to April 3, 2021. Factors influencing infection control performance were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: Awareness of importance (β=.55), surgical ward (β=.29), and infection control organizational culture (β=.25) were the factors affecting the infection control performance of nurses working in comprehensive nursing care service wards. The total explanatory power was 46%. Conclusion: Nurses must establish a positive infection control organizational culture as leaders in team leaders to enhance the infection control performance of nurses working in comprehensive nursing care service wardss. Moreover, the awareness of the risks of COVID-19 and ways to use the defense environment more efficiently should be strengthened.

Citations

• The impact of nurse’s sense of calling, organizational commitment, job stress, and nursing work environment on patient safety management activities in comprehensive nursing care service units during the covid-19 pandemic
  YeJi Lee, Won Ju Hwang
  BMC Nursing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Exploring research trends in nursing organizational culture using topic modeling
  Eun-Jun Park, Chan Sook Park
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2024; 30(4): 371.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting the Preparedness to Care for Patients with Highly Infectious Diseases among Nursing Staff in Long-term Care Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
  Ye Seul Lee, Min Hye Lee
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(1): 35.     CrossRef
• Priority Analysis of Needs for COVID-19 Infection Control Education for Nurses at a Medium-Sized Hospital
  Hee Kang, Jin Im, Hee-Young Kang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(4): 472.     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of emotional labor and work-life balance on the organizational commitment of nurses in comprehensive nursing care service wards. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed. Data collection was conducted for a total of 171 nurses in comprehensive nursing care service wards in two H university hospitals in Gyeonggi-do. Data were collected from March 5 to 30, 2021 using questionnaires on topics including emotional labor, work-life balance, organizational commitment, and general characteristics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Organizational commitment was influenced by working experience in current unit, future work plan, emotional modulation efforts in profession, patient-focused emotional suppression, and work-life balance. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that in order to increase organizational commitment, it is important to support organizational efforts and systems such as an emotional management program that can strengthen the positive aspects of emotional labor, and leisure activities and childcare support programs that can improve work-life balance.

Citations

• Impact of Emotional Labor and Positive Psychological Capital on the Turnover Intention of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19: A Descriptive Survey Study
  Mira Kwon, Yeoungsuk Song, Majd T. Mrayyan
  Journal of Nursing Management.2024; 2024: 1.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to identify ICU nurses‘experiences with patient care after death. Methods: The data were collected through two focus group interviews with eight nurses who had experienced the death of patients in the ICU. Giorgi’s method of descriptive phenomenology was used to interpret the data. Results: Five constituents and 14 subconstituents were extracted from the 68 units of meaning. The five constituents were as follows: respect the body as a person, consideration and support for the family, dichotomy between personal courtesy and performing tasks, overcoming the patient’s death and growing, and care after death: a unique role left to the nurse. Conclusion: These findings illuminate the meaning of care after death as a continuation of person-centered care and can be used as primary data for the development of organizational, educational, and emotional support for nurses to accomplish their roles in the ICU.

Citations

• Nurses’ perspectives about end-of-life care when family presence is restricted during a pandemic: A qualitative study
  Myung Hui Choi, Hyun Jung Kim, Hye Jin Yoo
  Australian Critical Care.2025; 38(1): 101091.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Simulation-Based Care After-Death Mentoring Program for New Nurses: Augmented Reality End-of-Life Experience
  Ki Kyong Kim, Bokyoung Kim
  Journal of Palliative Medicine.2024; 27(12): 1631.     CrossRef
• Experiences of Intensive Care Unit Nurses in Caring for Brain-Dead Donors
  Minseo Son, Nageong Kim
  Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing.2024; 26(1): E38.     CrossRef
• Describing Medical Aid-in-Dying and Nursing “Leave-the-Room” Policies in California
  Karin Sobeck, Gianna R. Strand, David N. Hoffman
  Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing.2024; 26(6): 317.     CrossRef

Purpose
The aim of this study was to explain the patient assessment experiences of the medical staff responsible for customer satisfaction and quality improvement at their respective medical institutions.
Methods
This was a qualitative study using a focus group with quality improvement or custom service department managers. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted with seventeen participants divided into three focus group interviews from July 3 to 5, 2017. Each interview took an average of 1 hour and 40 minutes. Transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis.
Results
Base on the analysis, four categories and eight themes were derived. The categories were: 1) what is the quality of hospital service? 2) between directionality and timeliness, 3) variations in recognition and application, and 4) changing in hospital culture Conclusion: The assessment of patient's experience has spread a patient-centered culture and elicited significant changes in the behavior of medical and hospital staff. However, the survey instruments and procedures for assessing patient experiences need to be continuously improved, and additional research is required to secure evidence related to patient experiences.

Citations

• Impact of Sharia hospital service standards and religiosity commitment on patient satisfaction and loyalty: insights from certified Sharia hospital in Indonesia
  Ngatindriatun Ngatindriatun, Muhammad Alfarizi, Tika Widiastuti
  Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to estimate the unmet demand for INCS and the number of needed beds for fulfillment. Methods: Annual data from the Korea Health Panel (2015~2018), Health Insurance Statistical Yearbook (2015~ 2019), and published statistical data (2015~2019) were used. To measure the unmet demand, the utilization of informal nursing care services, which can be a market substitute for INCS, was used. The number of needed beds was calculated by dividing the demand by the bed occupancy rate multiplied by 365 days. Results: The unmet demand decreased every year and was estimated to be 31~47 million person-day as of 2019. It was the highest in Gyeonggi (6~8 million) and the lowest in Jeju (160~220 thousand), while the fulfilled rate was the highest in Incheon (52~61%) and the lowest in Jeonbuk (6~8%). For each type, general hospitals showed the highest unmet demand (6~10 million), followed by hospitals (5~8 million) and tertiary hospitals (4~7 million). Gyeonggi province (37,212~48,882) and general hospitals (54,955~70,962) were most needed additional INCS beds. Conclusion: Tailored bed expansion strategies are necessary to satisfy each region's and hospital’s demand. Considering the multi-layered causes of unmet demand, a healthcare system reform that increases the regional self-sufficiency of INCS is required.

Citations

• Paying Direct Care Workers is a Huge Financial Burden for the Older Population in South Korea
  Jenny Hyosun Kwon, Kisang Kwon
  European Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology.2024; 6(3): 222.     CrossRef
• Trends in private caregiving cost after implementing a comprehensive nursing service covered by national health insurance: Interrupted time series
  Yu shin Park, Hyunkyu Kim, Suk-Yong Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2024; 152: 104689.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Nurse Work Hours and Nursing Activities Between High‐ and Low‐Staffed General Wards: A Cross‐Sectional Study
  Jiyeong Seong, Sung‐Hyun Cho, Hyo‐Jeong Yoon, Won‐Hee Sim, Moon‐Sook Kim
  Nursing Open.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Study on the Outflow Intention of Nursing Students in Non-Metropolitan Area: Honam Region
  Purum Kang, A Young Han
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(3): 234.     CrossRef
• Association between caregiver type and catastrophic health expenditure among households using inpatient medical services: using Korean health panel
  Yu shin Park, Hyunkyu Kim, Il Yun, Eun-Cheol Park, Suk-Yong Jang
  BMC Health Services Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between career management, organizational justice, and job rotation attitude among tertiary hospital nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The participants were 195 nurses with more than one year of experience working at tertiary care hospitals. Data was collected with self-reported questionnaires from April to May 2018. Data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 25.0 for windows including descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean score of career management of participants was 3.14±0.49 (range 1~5), organizational justice was 2.95±0.53 (range 1~5), and job rotation attitude was 4.02±0.97 (range 1~7). There were significant positive correlations among the participants' career management, organizational justice, and job rotation attitude. 37% of job rotation attitude was explained by position, organizational justice, career management, and the frequency of job rotation experience in the regression model. Conclusion: This study provided the empirical evidence that it is necessary to improve the perception of organizational justice, and to establish a systematic job rotation in order for nurses to positively recognize job rotation.

Purpose
This study aimed to compare the value congruence of nurse-patient assignment (NPA) with work performance in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: Data were collected with 30-items on factors that affect NPA and 17-items on work performance. Two questionnaire surveys each were conducted with 79 nurses from the NICU. The difference between expectations and actual experience on NPA were analyzed, and the effects of NPA on work performance and overtimes were investigated. The collected data were analyzed with a paired t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients using the SPSS software version 20.0. Results: The NPA criteria were surveyed with 30 items, with 13 patient-related, and 17 nurse-related. The validity of the tool was S-CVI .95 and the reliability (Cronbach’s ⍺) was .942. There were significant differences based on age (F=3.69, p=.029) and caring for patients on an artificial ventilator (t=2.55, p=.013). The higher the patient-related actual assignment score, the higher the nurse-related actual assignment score (r=.68, p<.001) and work performance (r=.48, p<.001). As the nurse-related actual assignment score increased, work performance also increased significantly (r=.36, p=.001). Conclusion: It was confirmed that the value congruence of NPA is positively correlated with work performance.

Citations

• Clinical decision support system for clinical nurses’ decision-making on nurse-to-patient assignment: a scoping review protocol
  Hyunjeong Kwon, Dayeon Lee
  BMJ Open.2024; 14(1): e080208.     CrossRef
• A comparative analysis of nurses' reported number of patients and perceived appropriate number of patients in integrated nursing care services
  Hyunjeong Kwon, Jinhyun Kim
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to examine the factors influencing the degree of harm caused by fall incidents in hospitals.
Methods
This cross-sectional descriptive study used secondary data from the “Korean Patient Safety Incident Report 2019” and was based on the International Classification for Patient Safety conceptual framework. We analyzed a total of 4,176 fall incidents between January 1 and December 31, 2019, in Korea. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors that influence the degree of harm from these incidents.
Results
Among the fall incidents, 443 (10.6%) were sentinel events, 2,514 (60.2%) were adverse events, and 1,219 (29.2%) were near misses. The factors associated with sentinel events were old age (≥60 years), gender, patient diagnosis, medical department, early detection after falls, long-term care hospital, and reporters. Adverse events were significantly associated with diagnosis, medical department, nurses’ night shift time, large bed size, location (i.e., operating room, recovery room, and intensive care unit), and reporters.
Conclusion
Both patient and incident characteristics are significantly associated with the degree of harm in hospitals. Therefore, multiple factors should be considered to establish healthcare policies and thus prevent fall risks and minimize damage following falls in hospitals.

Citations

• Factors Affecting Fall Incidents at Long-term Care Hospitals: Using Data from the Korea Patient Safety Reporting and Learning System
  Soojin Chung, Jeongim Lee
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2025; 50(1): 96.     CrossRef
• Content Analysis of Patient Safety Incident Reports Using Text Mining: A Secondary Data Analysis
  On-Jeon Baek, Ho Jin Moon, Hyosun Kim, Sun-Hwa Shin
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2024; 36(4): 298.     CrossRef
• Falls in Patients of Medical Institutions in South Korea: A Literature Review
  Jongwon Choi, Woochol Joseph Choi
  Physical Therapy Korea.2023; 30(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Predication of Falls in Hospitalized Cancer Patients
  Jun-Nyun Kim, Sun-Hwa Beak, Bo-Seop Lee, Mi-Ra Han
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(2): 56.     CrossRef
• Trends in infection-related patient safety incident reporting before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea
  Eun-Jin Kim, Yeon-Hwan Park
  Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2023; 25(2): 95.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Patient Safety Incidents in Long-Term Care Hospitals: A Secondary Data Analysis
  Sookhee Yoon, Myungsuk Kang
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(3): 295.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study examined the subjective frame of patient satisfaction in the comprehensive nursing care services and explored future directions by investigating subjective frame types. Methods: P-Samples were collected from 30 patients who underwent the comprehensive nursing care service. To enable a forced normal distribution, 31 Q-samples were classified on a 9-point scale considering the degree of agreement. The collected data were analyzed by principal component factor analysis and varimax rotation using the PQ method program. Results: The subjective frame of patient satisfaction with the comprehensive nursing care service was divided into four types. Considering the characteristics of each, the types were labeled as “the formation of relationships with the surroundings”, “autonomous decision-making”, “non-verbal empathy”, and “therapeutic support resources”. Each type can be classified into therapeutic relationship and therapeutic process categories. Conclusion: This study revealed changes in expectations regarding new medical services and that the subjective frames that affect the formation of satisfaction are diverse. The study results are expected to be used as basic data to develop strategies for creating a therapeutic environment that improves patient satisfaction in the comprehensive nursing care service.

Citations

• Analysis of Factors Affecting the Inpatient Satisfaction in Integrated Nursing Care Service Wards using a Healthcare Service Survey Database
  Young Shin Cho, Jiwon Hong
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(3): 76.     CrossRef
• The Behavioral and Social Dimension of the Public Health System of European Countries: Descriptive, Canonical, and Factor Analysis
  Tetiana Vasylieva, Beata Gavurova, Tetiana Dotsenko, Svitlana Bilan, Marcin Strzelec, Samer Khouri
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(5): 4419.     CrossRef
• Effect of patient-related factors on hospitalization service satisfaction and recommendation intention of medical institutions in Korea
  Jeong Woo Shin, Bo Ram Choi
  BMC Health Services Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Comparison of Nursing Needs and Nursing Performance Perceived by Patients and Nurses in Integrated Nursing Care Service Wards in Small and Medium-Sized Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
  Hee-Sun Choi, Young Shin Cho
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(3): 234.     CrossRef